Espionage happens when people gather secret information on a country, an organization or individuals. Spies are specially trained people who do this. The information that is collected can be a country’s military secrets, facts about a person’s private life or even a firm’s production secrets.
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Espionage is almost as old as mankind itself. Spies were common in all ancient cultures and civilizations. Ancient Egypt and Greece, as well as the Roman Empireemployed spies to find out the secrets of their enemies. In the Middle Ages, Queen Elizabeth I of England organized a spy network to gather information about Spain, her long-time enemy.
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During the American RevolutionGeorge Washington set up a complicated network of spies to gather information about the British army. Both Unionists and Confederates used spies during the American Civil War.
During World War II the American Office of Strategic Services gathered information for the Allies . The organization, which was founded after the attacks on Pearl Harbour, later came to be known as the CIA, the most powerful intelligence agency in the world. Britain's notorious MI5 was a reliable organization that fed the Allies with information about Nazi Germany. Thus, they were aware of what was happening in most of Europe.
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During the Cold War, the CIA’s counterpart was the Soviet KGB. During this period espionage was at its climax. It was very important to know what the enemy was thinking and what actions other countries were prepared to take. In fact, there were situations, like the Cuban missile crisis, in which espionage even helped to prevent a war.
After Communism collapsedin the 1990s espionage between east and west became less important.
Poster warning German soldiers not to give away secret information
Types of espionage and techniques
Spying is not only done on enemies, it includes gathering information about friendly countries as well. In the past few years, the CIA has been widely criticized for collecting secret information from American allies in Europe.
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Espionage is not only political. Industrialespionagehas become widespread in the last decades. Company secrets are stolen in order to gain an advantage over a competitor. Military espionage involves stealing information on weapons and troop movements.
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Today there are methods that help find out which information is important and which is not. Some countries have spy satellites that can take detailed images of everything that happens on the ground. Seismographs, normally used for collecting information on earthquakes, are used to detect nuclear bomb tests around the world. In addition, governmentscan listen in to personal calls on your cell phone or monitor everyday routines.
Spying often involves working secretly in foreign countries. In some cases, spies are employees at a foreign embassy or representatives of companies that have offices abroad. When spies are caught, they face severe punishment. They are often expelled or await a trial and long prison sentences. In former times they were even executed. During the Cold War spies were often exposed as double agents. British spies were caught working for the KGB. In 1963, the most notorious,Monthlycal 1 5 – a colorful monthly calendar widget. Kim Philby, fled to Moscow after he had caught spying for the Soviet Union.
Gathering intelligence has become especially important since 9/11. The threat of terrorism has made it essential to get as much data as possible on terrorist cells and foreign governments that fund them.
Thames House in London - Headquarters of MI5- Wikipedia/Cnbrb/CC BY-SA 3.0)
Spy fiction
Spying has been a popular topic in books and films for some time. The best known fictional character is James Bond, a master spy for her Majesty , the Queen.
Related Topics
Words
advantage = here: to be better than or more successful than someone else
Allies = countries that fought together against Germany in World War II; they were the USA, the Soviet Union, France and Great Britain
ancient = old
attack = to use violence and weapons against a country
await = wait for
aware = alert, know
civil war = war in which two groups of the same country fight against each other
climax = high point, peak
collapse = break down
common = widespread, popular
competitor = here: company that produces and sells the same things you do
Confederates = people of the southern states of the USA during the Civil War; they wanted to break away from the US and form a new country
counterpart = an organization that does the same things in another county
data = information
decade = ten years
detailed = very exact
detect = notice, find out about, discover
earthquake = when the earth’s crust shakes and causes a lot of damage
embassy = group of officials who represent their country abroad , or the building they work in
employ = give someone a job
employee = a person who works for an organization or a company
espionage = the activity of secretly finding out information about someone and giving it to someone else
essential = very important
execute = to kill someone officially
expel = to make a person leave a country
expose = uncover, catch
face = deal with
feed – fed = here: give
fictional = not real; something or someone that only exists in books or films
firm = company
former times = many decades or centuries ago
found- founded = start something new
fund = give someone money
gain = get
gather = collect
image = picture, photo
in addition = also
include = contain, consist of
individual = single person
intelligence agency = organization that collects information about other countries
involve = include, to be about
long-time = for many years
mankind = people in general
missile = rocket that can reach other countries and explode there
monitor = watch
network = system
notorious = famous
popular = well- known and liked by many people
prevent = stop something from happening
punishment = to make someone suffer because they have done something wrong
reliable = trustworthy, to be depended on
routine = the order in which you do things every day
satellite = object that you send into space and which is used for communication and gathering information
secret = only a few people know about something
seismograph = instrument that measures the movements of the Earth and where earthquakes happen
sentence = the punishment you get in court when you have committed a crime
severe = strict
threat = danger
thus = that is why
trial = an action in which a judge and a jury decides if someone is guilty of a crime
troops = soldiers
Unionists = people of the northern states, who wanted to do away with slavery during the Civil War
weapon = object you use to attack a person or fight a war, like a gun, knife or bomb